My 3rd great-grandfather on my Allmond side was Solomon Butler, who was born free. I can see him on the 1850 census as living in the home of William Allmond, who also had an enslaved black woman named Charlotte, my 3rd great-grandmother. In 1854, William Allmond died, and somewhere between then and 1860, Charlotte was moved to the home of the son, William J. Allmond. However, I do not see Solomon Butler there. On the 1860 Census, I do see a Solomon Butler in the home of the Baileys, a free black family living very close to William Sr.’s widow. I don’t find Solomon Butler at all in 1870. I have an Isle of Wight County marriage record for him from May 16, 1866 where he listed his father as Moses King and his mother as Milly Butler.

I looked around census records and found one Moses King in Isle of Wight County, Virginia in 1870. I have not yet found Milly Butler.

He is found here at 70 years old in the same household with Sukey King, aged 65. Moses is listed as a laborer. Neither is listed as being able to read or write. Interestingly, the column labeled “Whether deaf and dumb, blind, insane or idiotic” is checked for both of them.
I also found Moses in the Freedmen’s Bureau records Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967, Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) records. He was involved in a number of legal matters. Based on the records, Moses King appeared primarily as a plaintiff in disputes over property damage and unpaid debts. Here are the cases I found:
| Date: | February 3, 1866 |
| Case Number: | 88 |
| Plaintiff: | Moses King |
| Defendant: | Wm H. Jones |
| Action or Charge: | Claim for damages for breaking buggy shaft |
| Verdict: | Judgment for $1.00 damages and 50 cts costs |
| Amount/Remarks: | $1.00; Paid February 21, 1866 |




| Date: | March 1, 1866 |
| Plaintiff: | U. S. Govt |
| Defendant: | Moses King |
| Action or Charge: | To show cause why the judgment in favor of Smith Jackson has not been satisfied |


| Date: | March 14, 1866 |
| Case Number: | 167 |
| Plaintiff: | Moses King (Col’d) |
| Defendant: | Henry Lumley (Col’d) & G. Washington (W ) |
| Action or Charge: | Claim for $3.65 debt due |
| Verdict: | Judgment confessed for amount and 50 cts cost |
| Amount/Remarks: | $3.65; Mr. Curtis lumber taken |


| Date: | March 17, 1866 |
| Case Number: | 186 |
| Plaintiff: | Moses King (Col’d) |
| Defendant: | Geo Smith (Col’d) |
| Action or Charge: | Claim for $12.39 debt due |
| Verdict: | Judgment confessed for amount and costs |
| Amount/Remarks: | To be paid 1 April 1866 |


| Date: | March 27, 1866 |
| Plaintiff: | Moses King |
| Defendant: | H Lumley |
| Action or Charge: | Summons issued to show cause |
| Amount/Remarks: | To appear 29 March 1866 |
| Date: | April 5, 1866 |
| Plaintiff: | Moses King |
| Defendant: | G Washington |
| Action or Charge: | Summons issued to show cause |


During Reonstruction, the Freedmen’s Bureau provided a means by which newly freed Black people could seek legal redress, not just from other Black people but also from white people. Moses King exercised his rights multiple times during that time, even though according to the Census he could not read or write.
Note: I used NotebookLM to help me read these handwritten files. I also used it to create the infographic used as the feature image.


Sources:
- “Virginia, Vital Records, 1715-1912”, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89XF-HSLZ?cc=4149585 : 31 May 2025), > image 1 of 1.
- “United States, Census, 1870,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6S77-T1Z?cc=1438024&wc=KLZW-929%3A518656301%2C519611001%2C518943001 : 11 June 2019), Virginia > Isle of Wight > Newport > image 8 of 58; citing NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6QH9-F65?cc=1596147&wc=9LMP-C6X%3A1078520902%2C1078521103 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 159, Register of proceedings of civil cases tried in freedmen’s court, Nov 1865-Apr 1866 > image 24 of 104; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6QH9-HL6?cc=1596147&wc=9LMP-C68%3A1078520902%2C1078521102 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 159, Records relating to freedmen’s court, 1865-1866 > image 526 of 662; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DWR3-MXP?cc=1596147&wc=9LMV-SPD%3A1078520902%2C1078521101 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 158, Records relating to freedmen’s court (unbound), 1865-1866 > image 271 of 729; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6QH9-Q27?cc=1596147&wc=9LMP-C6X%3A1078520902%2C1078521103 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 159, Register of proceedings of civil cases tried in freedmen’s court, Nov 1865-Apr 1866 > image 82 of 104; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DWR3-MC5?cc=1596147&wc=9LMV-SPF%3A1078520902%2C1078521206 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 158, Proceedings of freedmen’s court, Nov 1865-Mar 1866 > image 26 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6QH9-W7P?cc=1596147&wc=9LMP-C68%3A1078520902%2C1078521102 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 159, Records relating to freedmen’s court, 1865-1866 > image 511 of 662; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DWR3-97B?cc=1596147&wc=9LMV-SPF%3A1078520902%2C1078521206 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 158, Proceedings of freedmen’s court, Nov 1865-Mar 1866 > image 8 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DWR3-MC5?cc=1596147&wc=9LMV-SPF%3A1078520902%2C1078521206 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 158, Proceedings of freedmen’s court, Nov 1865-Mar 1866 > image 26 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DWR3-97B?cc=1596147&wc=9LMV-SPF%3A1078520902%2C1078521206 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 158, Proceedings of freedmen’s court, Nov 1865-Mar 1866 > image 8 of 40; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6QH9-HKT?cc=1596147&wc=9LMP-C6X%3A1078520902%2C1078521103 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 159, Register of proceedings of civil cases tried in freedmen’s court, Nov 1865-Apr 1866 > image 73 of 104; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6QH9-WL4?cc=1596147&wc=9LMP-C6X%3A1078520902%2C1078521103 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 159, Register of proceedings of civil cases tried in freedmen’s court, Nov 1865-Apr 1866 > image 21 of 104; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6QH9-D98?cc=1596147&wc=9LMP-C68%3A1078520902%2C1078521102 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 159, Records relating to freedmen’s court, 1865-1866 > image 512 of 662; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DWR3-93R?cc=1596147&wc=9LMV-SPD%3A1078520902%2C1078521101 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 158, Records relating to freedmen’s court (unbound), 1865-1866 > image 87 of 729; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
- “Virginia, Freedmen’s Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1967,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6QH9-7FW?cc=1596147&wc=9LMP-C6X%3A1078520902%2C1078521103 : 25 June 2014), Petersburg (subassistant commissioner) > Roll 159, Register of proceedings of civil cases tried in freedmen’s court, Nov 1865-Apr 1866 > image 86 of 104; citing NARA microfilm publication M1913 (College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
